Electrical safety in the home

Electrical distribution board

The building’s electrical system is controlled from the main distribution board. If necessary, the power supply to the entire property can be cut off from there. The main distribution board houses the electricity meter, main switch, main fuses, and a distribution board. If the building contains multiple apartments, each usually has its own distribution board containing that apartment’s fuses, while a shared main distribution board is located, for example, in the basement or other common areas of the building.

Fuses

Fuses protect users of electrical equipment in the event of a fault in a device or the electrical network, or in an overload situation—that is, when too many devices are switched on at the same time. There are two types of fuses: plug fuses and circuit breakers (automatic fuses).

The size of a plug fuse varies according to its power rating. When a plug fuse blows, it must be replaced; you can easily perform this replacement yourself. However, you must exercise caution; it is advisable to switch off the power completely before attempting to remove the old fuse. If the cover protecting the fuse is damaged, it must be replaced without delay. If you are unsure how to handle fuses, seek assistance—for example, from your housing company’s maintenance staff or your electricity provider.

A circuit breaker panel features a row of levers instead of individual plug fuses. When a circuit breaker trips, the lever snaps into the “off” position (the 0 position). You can reset the fuse by flipping the lever back to the “on” position (the I position). If the lever cannot be reset immediately after it has tripped, wait a moment; sometimes, circuit breakers require a cooling-off period before they can function again. Nowadays, plug-style circuit breakers—which feature a similar lever mechanism—are also available as an alternative to traditional plug fuses.

Zero defects

A “neutral fault” refers to a situation where the so-called neutral conductor breaks. This can occur either within a property’s electrical installation or in the low-voltage lines between the network company’s transformer and the property. The most common cause is a tree falling onto overhead power lines, snapping the uninsulated conductor that serves as the neutral wire. There are, of course, many other potential causes, all of which require intervention by a professional.

A neutral fault causes an imbalance in the voltages across the different phases. This can result in overvoltage on one phase and undervoltage on others (or vice versa); in such a fault condition, the voltage can fluctuate anywhere between 0 and 400 volts. It is important to recognize the signs of a neutral fault, as it can lead to life-threatening electric shocks or damage household electrical appliances. Indicators include abnormal behavior or sudden failure of electrical devices, or receiving electric shocks from equipment. Uneven lighting—where some lights shine exceptionally brightly while others are unusually dim—along with fluctuations in brightness (especially when other appliances are turned on or off), are also typical signs of a neutral fault.

Additionally, the electrical distribution board may emit a buzzing or popping sound, or there may be a smell of burning. If you suspect a neutral fault, cut off the power using the main electrical switch. In this situation, you should wear leather or other protective gloves and avoid touching the metal surface of the electrical panel or other metal components—such as faucets or a kitchen sink—that could potentially be carrying voltage due to the fault.

Safe use of electrical appliances

Equipment markings

To ensure the safe use of an electrical appliance, you should always familiarize yourself with the accompanying user instructions and the markings on the device. These markings are typically found on the bottom of the appliance and should also appear on its packaging. They indicate the device’s safety classification, the conditions under which it can be used, and how it should be recycled. Using an appliance contrary to the instructions—or in environments for which it was not intended—may compromise safety and increase risks, such as the danger of electric shock. Furthermore, using an appliance correctly helps extend its lifespan.

The CE marking indicates that the device complies with EU requirements regarding safety, health, the environment, and energy. The IP rating, meanwhile, reveals the device’s level of protection and its resistance to moisture. It is worth checking this when purchasing a new appliance, especially if you have a specific use in mind—for instance, in cold or damp environments.

Power outlets and cords

For small children and pets, electrical outlets and cords in the home can be tempting objects to investigate. If there are family members moving around at floor level, it is wise to take some precautions to prevent accidents involving electrical equipment. It is best not to leave unnecessary cords plugged into outlets or lying around on the floor; instead, they should be removed. For cords that must remain in use, there are various protective solutions available—such as covers and cable channels—that can hide them and keep them out of reach. You can also temporarily block floor-level outlets to prevent foreign objects or small fingers from getting into them. Protective outlet plugs can be found in most department stores and hardware stores. Damaged cords or foreign objects inserted into an outlet can lead to dangerous electric shocks or short circuits.

Cold and damp spaces

Wet areas and cold storage spaces in the home present challenges for electrical appliances. Special care must be taken when using electrical devices in wet areas; for instance, appliances such as hair dryers or irons should not be used when the room is wet or while you are still damp from bathing. Always exercise particular caution and follow the operating instructions for devices used in wet areas to prevent hazardous situations. It is also important to use the sauna according to instructions and to remember never to dry laundry or store items not intended for the sauna inside it—especially while the sauna is heating up.

Appliances intended for use in the garden or on the balcony should also be selected carefully to ensure they are suitable for outdoor use. Outdoors, both appliances and power outlets are exposed not only to moisture but also to temperature fluctuations and various types of dirt. It is advisable to clean them before use, as this not only enhances safety but also extends the lifespan of the equipment. Appliances suitable for outdoor use are protected by grounding and insulation—or operate on extra-low voltage—and feature casings designed to withstand moisture.